【作者】 王涛；

【导师】 郭国庆；

【作者基本信息】 贵州民族大学 ， 中国少数民族史， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 龙井村是坐落于贵州省贵阳市花溪区青岩镇的一个布依族村落,迄今已有600年历史。笔者在田野调查的基础上,搜集龙井村家谱、碑刻、访谈等资料,并参与观察婚礼、丧葬、谢土、酿酒等活动,结合传统史志,运用民族学、历史学、文献学等多学科方法,对龙井村王氏、蒙氏、罗氏、龙氏四个家族迁入发展历史进行梳理,对龙井村稻耕及酿酒的生计方式、节日文化、婚姻文化、丧葬文化的历史变迁作出探讨性思考。自明初以来,王氏、蒙氏、罗氏、龙氏四个家族依次迁入龙井村,共同书写了龙井村的历史文化。四个家族的迁入过程都有“祖籍江西”的族群记忆,且呈现出从单一家族建寨到多姓杂居的特点。四个家族陆续迁入后,形成300余年稳定发展的格局,这其中既有龙井村地理环境的优势,作为青岩城三级防御体系重要成员的外部原因,也有龙井村村规民约,家规戒条的内部约束力,使得龙井村家族之间通过联姻、改姓、拜师学艺、帮工等形式良性互动,形成紧密的地缘、血缘、姻缘关系,促进了龙井村的发展。生计方式指人们相对稳定且持续地维持生活的计谋及方法,龙井村最典型的生计方式是稻作和酿酒。1949年后,龙井村传统稻作方式向现代化转变,具体表现为从牛耕转向机耕,从农家肥转向化肥的使用,从人工选种转为市场购种,从大田育秧转为旱育秧,从天然井水灌溉转为人工修渠灌溉。然而,20世纪90年代后,龙井村大力发展旅游业,进行产业结构调整,导致龙井村稻作主体地位下降。此外,酿酒也是龙井村典型的生计方式之一,龙井村传统酿酒以米酒和刺梨酒为主,数百年来酿酒的流程和技艺基本保持古法。但是1949年开始,特别是改革开放以来,龙井村酒药从采集天然草本进行自制,转向了从市场购买成品,同时龙井村的酒礼文化也向着划酒拳的简化、酒歌内容的现代化,以及传统节日饮酒禁忌的弱化转变。节日文化是龙井村代表性的历史文化之一,其中典型的节日为谢寨土、谢家土、清明祭祖、六月六秧苗会等。龙井村村寨现在保留着四座土地庙,且各家都有自己的家宅土地神,龙井村村民每遇村寨、家族、个人重大事宜都会进行谢寨土、谢家土仪式。龙井村村民经历了从泛化无形的一切土地崇拜,到具像神格化土地神信仰的变迁。1949年以后,龙井村清明祭祖从家族共祭转为三四家打平伙,清明祭祖人数规模大为减少,向着更简约、文明、环保等方向转变。此外,龙井村传统六月六要举行秧苗会,但是随着社会发展,科技进步,龙井村秧苗会习俗近年逐渐淡化,现在几乎不再举办。龙井村布依族习俗的产生和变迁受到了汉文化的影响,体现了布依族同胞对多元一体国家的向心力,积极融入主流文化的主观行为。婚姻文化是因男女双方社会关系缔结而形成的文化习俗。笔者以(龙井)《龙氏族谱》为中心,对龙井村婚姻圈的扩大进行分析。发现龙井村从明清时期到21世纪,婚姻圈不断扩大,从村内婚、邻村婚不断向省内婚、跨省婚发展。同时参与观察龙井村婚礼仪式,考察其婚礼文化不断简化,分析“不落夫家”习俗产生、特点以及消失的原因。随着国家经济、政策、交通等不断的发展,龙井村人的婚姻习俗也随之更加开放、简约、文明。丧葬文化是龙井村布依族风俗习惯的重要组成部分。笔者对龙井村传统丧葬仪式的十二个环节进行考察,进而通过参与观察龙井村老人丧葬仪式,发现1949年以后,龙井村丧葬仪式基本保留传统布依族丧葬的流程,但是具体内容随着时代发展也有变迁。主要表现为从砍牛到砍鸡,从火葬到棺木土葬,从守孝三年到送饭三次的转变,这体现了布依族人从“事死如事生”到重视生前赡养,死后薄葬观念的转变,也反映了我国社会不断发展,人们观念逐渐转变,丧葬习俗不断革新,提倡节俭、文明办丧事的趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Longjing Village is a Buyi village located in Qingyan Town,Huaxi District,Guiyang city,Guizhou Province,with a history of 600 years.The author on the basis of field investigation,collecting longjing village genealogy,inscriptions and interview etc,and participant observation wedding,funeral,thank earth,wine and other activities,combined with the traditional local Chronicles,use of ethnology,history,philology and other methods,the longjing village,wang,monel,roche,child four family moved in development history of comb,To longjing village rice farming and wine-making way of livelihood,festival culture,marriage culture,burial culture of the historical change of thinking.Since the early Ming Dynasty,the four families of Wang,Mengshi,Luo and Longjing have successively moved into Longjing Village and written the history and culture of Longjing Village together.All the four families had the ethnic memory of "ancestral home in Jiangxi",and showed the characteristics from single family building village to multi-family living together.Four,after the family moved into a pattern of more than 300 years of steady development,which has both longjing village geographical advantage,as an important member of green rock three-level defense system of external reasons,also have longjing village village regulations,internal binding rules commandment,make longjing village family through marriage,the surname,between the word and help form the benign interaction,The formation of close geographical,consanguinity,marriage relationship,to promote the development of Longjing Village.Livelihood means people’s schemes and methods to maintain a relatively stable and continuous life.The most typical livelihood in Longjing Village is rice farming and wine making.After 1949,the traditional rice cultivation in Longjing Village changed to modernization,which was embodied in changing from cow farming to machine farming,from farm manure to chemical fertilizer,from artificial seed selection to market seed purchase,from field seedling cultivation to dry seedling cultivation,from natural well water irrigation to artificial irrigation.However,after the 1990 s,Longjing village vigorously developed tourism and carried out industrial structure adjustment,resulting in the decline of the main position of rice farming in Longjing Village.In addition,wine making is also one of the typical livelihood ways of Longjing Village.The traditional wine making in Longjing Village is mainly rice wine and roxburgh rose wine.The process and techniques of wine making have basically maintained the ancient methods for hundreds of years.However,since 1949,especially since the reform and opening up,The liquor and medicine in Longjing Village has changed from collecting natural herbs for self-making to purchasing finished products from the market.Meanwhile,the liquor ceremony culture in Longjing Village has also changed to the simplification of drinking boxing,the modernization of the content of drinking songs,and the weakening of the taboo of drinking in traditional festivals.Festival culture is one of the representative historical cultures of Longjing Village,among which the typical festivals are Xiezhatu,Xiejiatu,Qingming ancestor worship,June 6 Seedling festival and so on.Longjing Village now retains four earth temples,and each family has its own house land god,longjing village villagers every village,family,personal important matters will conduct the ceremony of xie Zhai tu,Xie Jia tu.The villagers of Longjing village have experienced the change from the worship of all the intangible land to the belief of the land god with image.After 1949,The Qingming festival in Longjing Village changed from a family to a group of three or four families.The scale of qingming festival has been greatly reduced,and it is changing to a more simple,civilized,environmental protection and other directions.In addition,longjing village traditional June 6 to hold seedlings,but with social development,scientific and technological progress,Longjing village seedlings will gradually fade custom in recent years,now almost no hold.The generation and change of buyi customs in Longjing Village are influenced by The Han culture,which reflects the centripetal force of buyi compatriots to the pluralistic and integrated country and their subjective behavior of actively integrating into the mainstream culture.Marriage culture is a cultural custom formed by the social relationship between men and women.The author analyzes the expansion of marriage circle in Longjing Village with longjing family Tree as the center.It is found that from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the 21 st century,the marriage circle in Longjing Village has been expanding,from the marriage in the village,the marriage in the neighboring village to the marriage in the province,the cross-province marriage.At the same time,I participated in the observation of the wedding ceremony in Longjing Village,observed the continuous simplification of its wedding culture,and analyzed the emergence,characteristics and reasons for the disappearance of the custom of "not leaving the husband’s family".With the continuous development of national economy,policies and transportation,the marriage customs of longjing village people are also more open,simple and civilized.Burial culture is an important part of buyi folk custom in Longjing Village.The author investigated the twelve links of the traditional funeral ceremony in Longjing Village,and then observed the funeral ceremony of the elderly in Longjing Village,and found that after 1949,the funeral ceremony in Longjing Village basically retained the traditional Buyi funeral process,but the specific content changed with the development of The Times.Main show is from cut cattle to cut chicken,from cremation to coffin burial,from three years in a terribly to meals three times a shift,it embodies the buyi people from "death things such as life" to the value on life support,after the death of Bo Zang idea transformation,also reflects the social development in our country,the concept of people gradually shift,funeral custom constantly innovation,advocating frugality,government,the trend of the funeral.更多还原